The importance of philosophy in people’s lives is still a very topical issue in terms of philosophical anthropology; moreover, this field of philosophical knowledge has brought a vital perspective to the problem. The authors raise the question of transformations in philosophy and philosophical education in Russia. Contemporary philosophy should return to the anthropological ideas of I. Kant about free mind and criticism. The contemplations presented in the article also include polemic points of complex relationship between philosophical world-outlook, religion and everyday worldviews and their influence on modern education. During the Soviet era, the Russian people have accumulated some painful experience of dealing with philosophical and ethical prescriptions, and it is anthropology that could replace normative approach in education with a new outlook of humanism and tolerance.