In this paper, we suggest an original method for solving the inverse problem of hyperspectral satellite sensing of the atmosphere to retrieve HDO/H2O ratio vertical profile in the atmosphere with simultaneous inversion of thermal and near-IR spectra. A computational experiment was performed to retrieve the vertical profile of relative abundance of HDO isotopologue in atmospheric water vapor using high-resolution simulated spectra with parameters of TANSO-FTS spectrometer onboard GOSAT-2 satellite. The inverse problem was solved by the optimal estimation method with simultaneous inversion of thermal and near-IR spectra. The output data of the isotopic version of the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM6-wiso were used as a priori statistical data on water vapor isotopologue vertical profiles.