The monograph with its conceptual and methodological nature is an attempt to prove theoretically prospects for studying history of the Urals. It provides an analysis of achievements of historical science in the study of development of the region in the 20th century. The monograph emphasizes high level of accumulation of historical knowledge at the previous stage, which created serious premises for fundamental generalizations. The monograph focuses on insufficiently studied subjects, which can become the basis for further research. The authors propose an original methodological model and periodization of academic understanding of the history of the Urals in the 20th century, as a basis for further research in this direction. The authors concludes that proposed direction of future research, based on the synthesis of development of historiographical heritage and new thematic subjects, based on a broad integrative analysis of new archival sources, will allow not only to expand already available historical knowledge, but also ensure new challenges and their innovative understanding.