The author of the proposed publication proceeds from the recognition that in Modern times a modern type of science has been formed, the basis and method of which is experiment. Modern science has passed through three stages in its development — classical, non-classical and post-non-classical. The object of the proposed research is the stages of the development of modern science. Two principles make up the methodology of the proposed study. First of all. Modern science is presented as an integral system, the main subsystems of which (natural, mathematical, social, humanitarian and technical sciences) at each of the selected stages are characterized by general laws. Secondly. Each of the selected stages of modern science is considered from the standpoint of its features as a type of knowledge and cognitive activity (an epistemological analysis is given), in the aspect of its social being (a socio-philosophical analysis is carried out) and taking into account its status as a cultural phenomenon (a philosophical and cultural analysis is implemented). This logic determines the structure of each of the sections of the monograph.