The research analyzes the specific nature of interaction between power structures and non-profit organizations (NPOs) and discusses challenges and barriers to the creation of civil society in modern Russia by a case study of the Sverdlovsk region. The paper presents the results of a survey of regional experts in civil society from state and municipal authorities, community-focused non-profits, the media, and the scientific community. The research examines both negotiation- and conflict-based modes of interaction between power structures and NPOs and the orientation of regional NPOs to the state policy on projects of national significance. The study discusses the role of regional non-profits in the development of civil structures as well. In addition, the research identifies the goals of government agencies concerning their cooperation with NPOs and the development of civil society in the regions.