As a reaction to current challenges associated with lingering demographic crisis in Russia, there are new approaches in modern science to consideration of reproduction processes in society. One of the topical directions of study in this area is a concept of parent labour, where methods and tools for studying labour can be applied to human reproductive activity. This article is one of the first attempts to highlight the main categories of parental labour in sociology. Parental labour is determined from the positions of several sociological approaches - as an activity, as a social institute and based on community approach. Human capital is supposed to be considered as a result of parental labour. The relationship of components of human capital and their development by means of parental labour functions are specified. This enables us to use analysis of parental labour to predict human capital’s future, which undoubtedly increases the practical importance of studying this problem in general. Studying different characteristics of human capital resulted from implementation of parental labour model is given as one of the ways to assess behavioral models presented by parental labour.