This article is devoted to one of the most little-studied problem as ecological and valeological health of population living on the territory with radioactive contamination. According to the materials of sociological surveys, conducted by the Institute of economics Ural branch of RAS, together with the Institute of Physics and Technology UFU in 1992-2013 in the cities and settlements of Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk and Kurgan oblasts; the analysis is carried out for radioactive risks and its influence on a level of social and psychological tension on the territories of South Ural. The article shows the level of negative impact of radiophobia on public, labor and cultural activity of the citizens, their family-everyday and reproductive activity. The most part of people who live on the territories with radioactive contamination have a special psychological status, characterized by high level of social and psychological tension, prolonged psychological stress, prevalence of accent personality’s traits, pathopsychological reactions and types of psychological response. In accordance with the authors’ opinion a diagnosis of social health will allow providing more substantiated rehabilitation policy on the territories, evaluation of acceptability and efficiency level of different forms, means and mechanisms of compensation for population of the contaminated districts.