On the basis of fragments of time-averaged speckle images registered with no stopping of cyclic loading, the features of nucleation, onset, and propagation of a crack in the bulk of a transparent prismatic sample with a sharp V-shaped notch have been found. It has been shown that the first signs of fatigue damage occur not at the top of the notch, but at a distance of 400 μm from it in the sample center within an area with a diameter of 200 μm. After the beginning of the development (“onset”) of the crack, the size of the zone of irreversible processes exhibits an increase by an order of magnitude. The distribution of the refractive index and the density around the crack has been studied based on changing speckle images and with the use of ellipsometry. It has been shown that the maximum value of relative change in density being at least 2 × 10^–3, is located near the crack. The speckle method can serve a basis for the development of nondestructive testing tools and techniques that make it possible to assess the time preceding crack onset according to the changing rate and the limiting values of the refractive index and material density, as well as according to other parameters affecting the change in the optical paths of waves within small areas about 10 μm in size.