The relevance of the discussed issue is conditioned by specific features of human life and activities in the post-industrial society, characterized by the growth of life-threatening difficulties, growing social tensions and the need to «preserve the stability of a person in a very fragile society» (D. I. Feldstein). The need for psychological support and assistance to people experiencing problems in life, prompted scientists to study the viability and resilience of man. These two phenomena close in meaning characterize the socio-psychological tension of the modern society determined by the grown number of information flows, acceleration of the pace of life, and psycho-emotional disorders. The analysis of the concepts of viability and resilience allowed establishing the main predictors that contribute to their manifestation. The factors of viability development and include individual and physiological characteristics, physiological properties, socio-psychological qualities, life experience, and personal orientation. Their structural characteristics are summed up in the article. The analysis of peculiarities of viability and resilience development in the process of life, overcoming of adverse life situations, with formation of health-saving competence acting as its tool, takes an important place in the article. Human subjectivity - the ability to turn their own livelihoods transform itself into a subject - acts as the main predictor of the viability and resilience. In conclusion, the authors consider the social and psychological aspects of the viability and resilience in various spheres of life.