The monograph examines the variety of philosophical concepts of science (neo-Kantianism, neo-rationalism, phenomenology, structuralism, hermeneutics, classical positivism, empiriocriticism, logical positivism, post-positivism / critical rationalism) that have emerged under the influence of events of modern science. The problem field of the philosophy of science is presented as a kind of polylogue of the named philosophical trends. Each of the trends presented in the book addresses important aspects of modern science, but more often the same events of science are in their field of view, but different trends present them from the standpoint of their own methodology. As a result, a voluminous and multidimensional picture of modern science is built and an idea of the creativity of the philosophy of science itself is created. The book is addressed to both specialists and those who are interested in the philosophical development of the achievements of modern science.